Salini Samal and Abhijeeta Nandha

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) encompass a range of progressive, debilitating diseases characterized by the deterioration of neuronal structure and function. Among the most prevalent are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, each presenting distinct clinical symptoms but sharing common pathological mechanisms such as protein misfolding, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. With the global burden of NDDs rising alongside aging populations, early diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventive strategies are urgently needed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major neurodegenerative disorders, detailing their clinical manifestations, underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, genetic and environmental risk factors, current diagnostic methods, and emerging therapeutic approaches. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review highlights both the advances and the ongoing challenges in understanding and managing neurodegenerative diseases, aiming to support future research and clinical innovation.

Pages: 189-195  |  1099 Views  434 Downloads