Author(s):

Bidduth Kumar Sarkar, Rahima Akter, Joydeep Das, Ananya Das, Prema Modak, Satyajit Halder, Arghya Prosun Sarkar and Sukalyan Kumar Kundu

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar. In this disease either the body does not produce enough insulin, or cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. High blood glucose levels are manifested during diabetes mellitus because of inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion or poor insulin-directed mobilization of cellular glucose. Etiologically, diabetes has been divided into three types namely: Type 1 DM or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in which body fails to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin. Type 2 DM or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), results from insulin resistance, a condition where cells fail to use insulin properly, with or without an absolute insulin deficiency. The third main type is gestational diabetes which occurs when women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level during her pregnancy. Currently available pharmacotherapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus includes insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Such drugs acts by either increasing the secretion of insulin from pancreas or reducing plasma glucose concentrations by increasing glucose uptake and decreasing gluconeogenesis. But the currently available drugs do not restore normal glucose homeostasis effectively for a long time. Moreover they are not free from side effects like hypoglycemia, kidney diseases, GIT problems, hepatotoxicity, heart risk problems, insulinoma. Besides these are to be continued rest of life. Various herbal remedies are proved to be effective in the treatment of diabetes. The present review therefore is an attempt to focus on the physiological aspects of diabetes, its complications, goals of management, and treatment of diabetes.

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