Rani JR, G Ganavi, G Dhanusha, N Aparna and Akash Ajay

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a widely occurring metabolic disorder with a severe need for appropriate therapy. This review illustrates the therapeutic effects of natural products for T2DM. Bioactive substances such as flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and saponins modulate biological processes like glucose homeostasis, enhance insulin sensitivity, and inhibit oxidative stress. Each bioactive compound has its significant role in T2DM treatment. Mulberry leaf extract-MLE (DNJ, flavonoids) inhibits α-glucosidase, curcumin of turmeric is anti-inflammatory, and bitter melon (Charantin, p-insulin) enhances insulin release. Fenugreek (4-hydroxy isoleucine, galactomannan) lowers blood glucose, cinnamon promotes the activity of the insulin receptor, and berberine from Berberis aristata activates AMPK for enhanced glucose metabolism. Gymnema Sylvestre inhibits the absorption of glucose and contributes to enhancing insulin release. These drugs are potential add-on therapies but require further investigation to optimize bioavailability as most of the bioactive compound’s availability is very limited. Synergistic formulations, stability and permeability enhancement, and molecular mechanisms of the bioactive compounds need to be explored. Advanced drug delivery platforms like Nano formulations and targeted therapy can amplify their efficiency. Combining traditional knowledge with modern diabetes medications can offer safer, multi-targeted treatments for improved glycemic control and overall metabolic health.

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